|
abstract
|
A short summary of the essential content of a
book, article, speech, report, dissertation, or
other work of nonfiction which gives the main
points in the same order as the original work,
without claiming or possessing independent literary
merit.
|
|
Align Left
|
(ragged right) Pertaining to copy which is aligned
on the left margin. 2. (quad left) A code which
directs preceding copy to be set flush against
the left margin.
|
|
Align Right
|
(ragged left) Pertaining to copy which is aligned
on right margin. 2. (quad right) A code which
directs preceding copy to be set flush against
the right margin.
|
|
Alignment
|
The positioning of text within the page margins.
Alignment can be flush left, flush right, justified
or centred. Flush left and flush right are sometimes
referred to as left justified and right justified.
|
|
Alternate Characters
|
Multiple versions of different characters, usually
in display type faces, to apply a greater variety
or personality to the copy. This often refers
to swash characters, which usually over- or under-hang
adjacent characters with curve-like flourishes.
|
|
Ampersand
|
A symbol (&) meaning and. The ampersand was
originally a ligature for et (the Latin word for
and), expressed as et per se, which gradually
evolved to its present form.
|
| ancestor
genealogy |
In object-oriented software development creating
classes in a genealogy (inheritance) tree has
been common practice for almost two decades. Children
objects inherit attributes (descriptive data)
and behavior (code) from their mother and grandmothers
over several inheritance levels. This is a key
internal feature of every Java or Smalltalk and
many C++ applications. It's just state-of-the-art!
This important feature been bot yet been used
for application data, although this would substantially
ease the creation and maintenance of complex data
structures as used in a publishing system. And
it would show the entire system much better and
clearer arranged.
ElePub and EleStore are the first software products
offering full data inheritance via a multi-level
inheritance tree for your application data.
|
|
Annotation
|
A brief note (usually no longer than two or three
sentences) accompanying a reference or citation
in a bibliography which describes or explains
the scope and content of the work cited. In a
critical annotation, the commentary is evaluative.
|
|
ANSI
|
The acronym for American National Standards Institute.
Co-ordinates the process through which formal
standards are written.
|
|
Anthology
|
A collection of extracts from the works of various
authors, selected by an editor and sometimes limited
to a specific literary form or genre such as short
stories, poems, or plays, or to a specific subject
or time period. The works included are listed
in the table of contents at the beginning of a
collected work. Compare with compilation. See
also: analytics and analytical entry.
|
|
Article
|
A self-contained prose composition, usually entirely
nonfiction, written on a specific topic or subject
by one or more authors and published under a separate
title in a collected work, or in periodical containing
other works of the same form.
|
|
Ascender
|
That portion of a lower case letter that rises
above the letters x-height.
|
|
ASCII
|
The acronym for American Standard Code for Information
Interchange. A standard method for computer coding
of text using 8 bits per character.
|
|
Author
|
The writer of a book, essay, story, play, poem,
etc. Some books have two or more joint authors.
In most library catalogs, the term author is used
in its broadest sense to include joint author,
editor, playwright, director, composer, performer,
artist, creator, etc.
|
|
Back issue
|
Any issue of a periodical that precedes the current
issue. The back issues of a periodical are usually
organized in a back file. Synonymous with back
number.
|
|
Base line
|
The imaginary line on which characters appear
to rest in a line of type. Some characters drop
somewhat below it for better visual base alignment.
|
|
Bibliography
|
A list of sources cited or references for further
reading, printed at the end of an article or may
be published separately in book form.
|
|
Bit
|
A binary digit which is either on or off. The
basic unit of digital information.
|
|
Bit Map
|
An array of pixels making up an image for screen
display or device output. Also referred to as
a `paint-type' graphic.
|
|
Body
|
The main section of a book, brochure, article,
or other text material.
|
|
Body Size
|
The depth of the characters being typeset. Can
be different to type face size.
|
|
Body Text
|
The type style used in the main text of a book,
article, or other printed piece. Body type comes
in sizes of 14-pts and smaller. Also referred
to as Body Type.
|
|
Bold Type
|
A generic description of type that is heavier
than the text type with which it is used.
|
|
Boolean
|
A field of mathematical logic developed in the
mid-19th century by the English mathematician
George Boole which allows a database searcher
to combine concepts in a keywords search using
three commands, also known as "operators":
The OR command is used to expand or broaden search
results by including synonyms and related terms.
Search statement: violence or conflict or aggression.
The AND command is used to narrow search results.
Each time another concept is added using "and"
the search becomes more specific. In some online
catalogs and electronic databases, the "and"
command is implicit (no need to type it in a keywords
search). Search statement: violence and television
The NOT command is used to exclude unwanted records
from search results.
|
|
Bullet
|
A common pi character usually used to draw attention
to listed items.
|
|
Byte
|
A unit of digital information consisting of 8
bits. Each ASCII text character is referenced
by one byte of data. File sizes are typically
measured in bytes, kilobytes (thousand bytes)
or megabytes (million bytes).
|
|
Cap
|
A contraction of capital, meaning an upper case
character.
|
|
Cap Height
|
The height of a point size from base line to
the top of the upper case letter.
|
|
Cascading Style Sheets
|
A Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) specification
developed by The World Wide Consortium (W3C) that
allows authors of HTML documents and users to
attach style sheets to HTML documents. The style
sheets include typographical information on how
the page should appear, such as the font of the
text in the page.
|
|
CBT
|
Acronym for computer-based training. The use
of computers and specially developed tutorial
programs for teaching.
|
|
CCITT Group 4
|
A standard recommended by the Comité Consultatif
International Télégraphique et Téléphonique, (International
Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee)
for the encoding and transmission of images. Group
4 supports images of up to 400 dots per inch (dpi);
data compression based on a beginning row of white
pixels (dots), with each succeeding line encoded
as a series of changes from the line before, compressing
images to 3 to 10 percent of the original.
|
| CDF |
CDF Catalog Data Format is a special
intelligent data format used by our electronic product
catalog EleCat to store, distribute and visualize
pages of any kind, primarily product catalog pages,
with many different types of data and links. CDF
is an autonomous data format first introduces in
January 1993 (and therefore older than PDF).
CDF is fully object-oriented and the technical
basis of EleCat. It can store any data of data
not matter how complex. EleCat's features many
specia features and benefits could not be achieved
with any other existing data format. One of the
greatest specialities of CDF is the update system.
CDF is capable of logically adding any number
of changes, updates or additions to a CDF file,
which only logically overwrites older data, which
can still be restored if needed. It supports versioning
and version history!
|
|
CD-ROM
|
Compact Disc Read Only Memory. A digitally mastered
disc that contains information. The Corette Library
has some databases and books available on CD-ROM.
|
|
Centred
|
Text placed at an equal distance from the left
and right margins. Headlines are often centred.
It is generally not good to mix centred text with
flush left or flush right text.
|
|
CGI script
|
Short for Common Gateway Interface script. -
An external application that is executed by an
HTTP server machine in response to a request by
a client such as a Web browser. The most commonly
used language for CGI scripts is Perl, because
it is a small but robust language. CGI scripts
can also be written in C, C++ and Visual Basic.
|
|
CGM
|
- Acronym for Computer Graphics Metafile. CGM
provides applications programmers with a standard
means of describing a graphic as a set of instructions
for re-creating it. Used mostly for vector graphics,
CGM offers the advantage of small file size and
resolution independence, while not being tied
to a specific software package or hardware platform.
|
|
Character
|
Any printable symbol, including letters of the
alphabet, numbers, punctuation, and special symbols.
|
|
Character code
|
In the context of modern computer operating
systems, it is defined as a code with a meaning
attached to it. For example, the decimal character
code 97 represents the letter a. In most operating
systems today, characters codes are represented
by an 8-bit unit of data known as a byte.
|
|
Character encoding
|
A table in a font or a computer operating system
which maps characters codes to glyphs in a font.
|
|
Character mapping
|
refer character encoding.
|
|
Characters per pica
|
An exact measurement on the number of characters
of a given type face in a given size that will
fit in one pica. This is a measurement for the
lower case alphabet. Used for all types of copy-fitting
calculations.
|
|
CITATION
|
The information found in an index or catalog
about a particular title. The citation may include
the author, title of the article, title of the
periodical, book title, publication date, publisher,
volume number, issue number and page numbers.
|
|
Colour
|
Refer Typographic colour.
|
|
Composition
|
The process of assembling characters, words,
lines, and paragraphs, or of formatting typeset
text, graphics, or other images into blocks or
pages for reproduction by printing.
|
|
Compositor
|
A person who sets type and performs any of the
duties of Composition.
|
|
Condensed Type
|
A narrow type face having proportionally less
character width than a normal face of the same
height.
|
|
contents note
|
A note in a bibliographic record which lists
all or a portion of the individual works contained
in a book or other publication, whether they be
chapters, essays, or anthologized works such as
stories, poems, and/or plays.
|
|
Cookie
|
On the World Wide Web, a block of data that a
Web server stores on the client system. when a
user returns to the same Web site, the browser
sends a copy of the cookie back to the server.
Cookies are used to indentify users, to instruct
the server to send a customized version of the
requested Web page, to submit account information
for the user, and for other administrative purposes.
|
|
Copy
|
The original material from which type will be
set. May be handwritten, typewritten or on floppy
disk.
|
|
Copyfitting
|
The process of adjusting the size and spacing
of type to make it fit within a defined area of
the page.
|
|
Copyright
|
The exclusive legal right granted by a government
to an author, editor, composer, playwright, publisher,
or distributor to publish, produce, sell, or distribute
a literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work,
within certain limitations. Copyright law also
governs the right to prepare derivative works,
to reproduce a work or portions of it, and to
display or perform a work in public. Such rights
may be transferred or sold to others. A work never
copyrighted or no longer protected by copyright
is said to be in the public domain.
|
|
Database Publishing
|
The use of desktop publishing or Internet technology
to produce pages or reports containing information
obtained from a database. See the website www.elepub.com
for further details.
|
|
Database
|
An electronic collection of information.
|
|
DCS
|
Desktop Colour Separation. A format for storing
scanned images in 5 files; Four CMYK separation
files and a fifth low-resolution file used for
design and layout. The 4 master files are used
for output separations. The fifth file, when placed
on a program page, displays the contents of the
master files.
|
|
Depth
|
The vertical measurement of a page, figure, table,
or other block of material.
|
|
Descender
|
That portion of a character that extends below
the base line of the character.
|
|
Dingbat
|
Type faces that consist of symbol characters
such as decorations, arrows and bullets. Also
known as Pi characters.
|
|
Display Type
|
Type faces, used for headlines and other attention-getting
elements, as distinguished from body type. Display
type starts at 14-pt upwards.
|
|
dpi
|
An abbreviation for dots per inch. Monitors and
Laser output devices are described as having a
resolution off ?? dpi. A monitor is electronically
divided into rows of coloured dots. A page from
a Laser Output Device is virtually mapped into
rows of laser created dots where the laser is
either turned on or off thus producing an image.
|
|
Drop Cap
|
A single capital letter, larger than the standard
text size, set into a block of text, with one
or more lines indented to accommodate the capital.
|
|
DTD
|
Acronym for document type definition. A separate
document that contains formal definitions of all
of the data elements in a particular type of HTML,
SGML, or XML document. By consulting the DTD for
a document, a program called a parser can work
with the markup codes that document contains.
|
| e-papier |
E-paper stands for electronic paper.
It is a relatively new term used for the electronic
usage of paper or paper-style documents on a PC
or on the Internet. Typicaly software using e-paper
are the Adobe Acrobat PDF reader or the EleCat electronic
product catalog software. |
| EleCat |
EleCat is the eletronic product catalog
software bringing product catalogs onto any PC and
onto the Internet. EleCat is especially capable
of making printed paper catalogs easily available
for electronic use. All EleCat vesions have a database
and components of pages are linked to records in
the database. Most versions of EleCat also offer
an order entry system and a permanent update system
over the Internet. EleCat is often distributed on
CD-ROM together with very large catalog files in
CDF and databases but it can, of course, also be
distributed over the Internet. Several versions
of EleCat are also capable of converting product
catalogs to HTML for use in an Internet browser.
For details see www.elecat.com. |
|
electronic publishing
|
The work of providing information in electronic
format to in-house users, or to subscribers and
other users, via the Internet or some other online
service, including database publishing.
|
|
ELECTRONIC
|
A database that can only be accessed via a computer.
CD-ROM and online databases are both electronic.
|
|
Ellipsis
|
A punctuation character consisting of three dots,
or periods, in a row; indicates that a word or
phrase has been omitted.
|
|
Em
|
A unit of measurement exactly as wide and as
high as the body size of type being set. It is
commonly used to measure spaces, indentions, column
sizes, and pages, and can be used for copyfitting
and costing. A measurement of area, it is often
confused with the `Pica'. In 18-pt type the em
is 18 points wide and 18 points high; in 12-pt
type it is 12 points square.
|
|
Em Dash
|
Also known as Em Rule. A dash centred on the
x-height of characters, one em long, used to indicate
a pause in the sentence.
|
|
Em Space
|
A fixed amount of white space exactly one em
wide, which will not be `stretched' for justification
purposes as will a space band.
|
|
En
|
A unit of measurement exactly one-half as wide
as the body size of type being set. In 18-pt type
the en is 9 points wide and 18 points high; in
12-pt type it is 6 points wide and 12 points high.
|
|
En Dash
|
Also known as En rule. A dash centred on the
x-height of characters, one en long, used to indicate
a range of values.
|
|
En Space
|
A fixed amount of white space exactly one en
wide, which will not be `stretched' for justification
purposes as will a space band.
|
|
Encoding
|
Refer Character encoding.
|
|
ENCYCLOPEDIA
|
Reference materials that are a compendium of
information. Encyclopedias can be used for general
information (Encyclopedia Britannica) or specialized
information (International Encyclopedia of Statistics).
|
|
EPS
|
Encapsulated PostScript. A graphics file format
that can be used with many different computers
and printers. EPS files can be imported into most
desktop publishing software.
|
|
EPS/EPSF
|
Encapsulated PostScript File. A file format for
importing, displaying, printing and exchanging
PostScript files which can include object-oriented
and bitmapped images. In addition to PostScript
data, a low-resolution image (Header Bitmap) is
embedded in EPSF files for quick display on a
program page. Therefore any manufacturers device
or computer program with a PostScript interpreter
can send/receive recognisable information to/from
any other manufacturers device or computer program
(a common Page Description Language).
|
|
Expanded
|
Pertaining to a type face that has characters
whose width is greater than their height would
generally dictate. Expanded type faces looked
`stretched' horizontally.
|
|
Expert Set
|
A font set which can include small capitals,
old style figures, ligatures, fractions, subscript
and superscript figures.
|
|
Extra Leading
|
A fixed amount of white space added between lines
or blocks of type for visual purposes. Also known
as Paragraph space.
|
|
Face
|
A unique design of letter, or one of the styles
of a family of faces. For example, the italic
style of the Times family is a face.
|
|
Family
|
Also known as a Font Family. A collection of
faces that were designed and intended to be used
together. For example, ITC Garamond family consists
of roman and italic styles, as well as regular,
semi-bold, bold and ultra bold weights. Each of
the styles and weight combinations are call a
Face.
|
|
Fixed Space
|
A particular amount of white space, such as an
em, en, or thin space, which will not be `stretched'
for justification purposes as will a space band.
|
|
Flush Left
|
(ragged right) Pertaining to copy which is aligned
on the left margin. 2.(quad left) A code which
directs preceding copy to be set flush against
the left margin.
|
|
Flush Paragraph
|
A paragraph which has no beginning line indent.
|
|
Flush Right
|
(ragged left) Pertaining to copy which is aligned
on the right margin. 2.(quad right) A code which
directs preceding copy to be set flush against
the right margin.
|
|
Folio
|
A common term for the page numbers of a printed
publication.
|
|
Font
|
One complete set of letters, numbers, punctuation
marks and special characters, etc., of a given
typeface size and design.
|
|
Formatted Text
|
Text which has control codes indicating the fonts
bold or italic type margins indents columns tabs
headers and footers and other attributes.
|
|
FTP
|
(File Transfer Protocol) -- A very common method
of moving files between two Internet sites. FTP
is a special way to login to another Internet
site for the purposes of retrieving and/or sending
files. There are many Internet sites that have
established publicly accessible repositories of
material that can be obtained using FTP, by logging
in using the account name anonymous, thus these
sites are called anonymous ftp servers
|
|
full-text searching
|
The capability of searching every word in set
of documents or database entries, as opposed to
searching only in the title and/or abstract, or
in the keywords, headings, or descriptors assigned
to each item.
|
|
full-text
|
Refers to database or other electronic resource
which provides the entire text of a significant
proportion of the works it contains, for example,
a periodical database containing the complete
text of a significant proportion of the articles
indexed, in addition to the citation and abstract
of each work.
|
|
Galley
|
A length of phototypeset or electronically output
material used for proofing before positioning
the material in final camera-ready form.
|
|
GIF
|
(Graphic Interchange Format) GIF (pronounced
"gift") is a graphics format that can
be displayed on almost all web browsers. It is
a common compression format used for transferring
graphics files between different computers. Most
of the "pictures" you see online are
GIF files. They display in 256 colors and have
built-in compression. GIF images are the most
common form of banner creative.
|
|
Glyph
|
A shape in a font that is used to represent a
character code on screen or paper. 2.A letter,
but the symbols and shapes in a font like ITC
Zapf Dingbats are also glyphs.
|
|
Graphic
|
A line, oval, rectangle, square, or circle created
using a software programs drawing tools, or a
bit map, object-oriented, or EPS-format document
imported into a publication from another publication.
|
|
Graphics
|
The creation, editing, and printing of pictures.
Computer graphics has two main methods: vector
graphics (stored as a list of vectors) and raster
or bitmap graphics (stored as a collection of
dots or pixels).
|
|
GUI
|
Graphical User Interface. A non-text based interface
between the user and the system software. Added
to the operating system with icons, pull-down
menus, and other graphic approaches to make it
easier for people to operate their computers.
Examples: Macintosh, MS Windows, Presentation
Manager for OS/2, OSF/Motif and Open Look.
|
|
Gutter
|
The white space which is between columns on a
page.
|
|
Hairline Rule
|
The thinnest possible line or rule (often ¼ point).
|
|
Halftone, or Halftone
Screen
|
Grey tones of a photograph or piece of art accomplished
with a dot pattern.
|
|
Handshaking
|
The exchange of signals back and forth over a
communications network to establish a valid connection
between two computers.
|
|
Hanging Indent
|
A document style in which the first line of a
paragraph is aligned with the left margin, and
the remaining lines are all indented an equal
amount.
|
|
Hanging Punctuation
|
A style of typography which allows certain punctuation
characters to `hang' or extend beyond the left
and/or right margins giving a much sharper line
to the margins.
|
|
Headline
|
The short lines of emphasised text that introduce
detail information in the body text that follows.
|
|
Headline font
|
A font designed to look good at large point sizes
for use in headlines.
|
|
High Resolution
|
The high number of dots per square inch required
to produce a high-quality image in printing or
on a computer display screen. The higher the resolution,
the finer the image quality. Good laser or inkjet
printers and scanners provide a resolution of
600 dots per inch
|
|
Hints
|
The mathematical
instructions added to digital fonts to make them
sharp at all sizes and on display devices of different
resolutions.
|
|
HTML
|
HyperText Markup Language is a coding language
used to make hypertext documents for use on the
Web. HTML resembles old-fashioned typesetting
code, where a block of text is surrounded by codes
that indicate how it should appear. HTML allows
text to be "linked" to another file
on the Internet
|
|
HTTP
|
HyperText Transfer Protocol, the format of the
World Wide Web. When a browser sees "HTTP"
at the beginning of an address, it knows that
it is viewing a WWW page.
|
|
HTTPS
|
Another protocol for transmitting data securely
over the World Wide Web is Secure HTTP (S-HTTP).
Whereas SSL creates a secure connection between
a client and a server, over which any amount of
data can be sent securely, S-HTTP is designed
to transmit individual messages securely. SSL
and S-HTTP, therefore, can be seen as complementary
rather than competing technologies. Both protocols
have been approved by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) as a standard.
|
|
Hyperlink
|
This is the clickable link in text or graphics
on a web page that takes you to another place
on the same page, another page or a whole other
site. It is the single most powerful and important
function of online communications. Hyperlinks
are revolutionizing the way the world gets its
information. The following hyperlinks make New
York, London, Tokyo, Sydney or Los Angeles only
one click and seconds away – all for exactly the
same price.
|
|
Hyphenation
|
The practice of dividing words by leaving part
of the word at the end of one line and continuing
it on to the next, with a hyphen at the end of
the first part of the word. Many words have their
own rules for hyphenation that are not consistent
with the general rules of the language, and must
be hyphenated according to an exception word dictionary.
|
|
Hyphenation &
Justification (H&J)
|
The practice of adjusting blocks of type so that
they are both left and right aligned, with hyphenation
occurring as appropriate, word spaces adjusted
for good fit, and overall appearance satisfactory.
Although each are in fact separate processes,
they are often used together so that the hyphenation
may enhance the results of justification.
|
|
Image area
|
The area of a page inside the margins in which
you put the text and graphics. (Objects can extend
outside this area.)
|
|
Image Compression
|
File size reduction. Lossless compression enables
images to be decompressed without degradation
in image quality. Lossy compression sacrifices
varying degrees of image detail for greater compression
ratios – usually used in Multimedia applications.
|
|
Image Editor
|
A program that can be used to make changes in
computer graphics. The program can be used to
crop enhance paint and filter scanned images.
Adobe Photoshop is an example of an image editing
tool. Some page layout programs such as Quark
and Pagemaker allow image editing after the image
has been imported.
|
|
Image Format
|
A format in which an image can be stored and
used. Some formats, such as TIFF and PICT, can
be imported into many different programs and transferred
between different platforms. GIF and JPEG are
formats used for images on HTML pages. There are
image conversion tools in some programs (for example,
Photoshop), which make it possible to change from
one format to another.
|
|
Imagesetter
|
A machine that produces line images, half tone
images, and typographic composition on paper or
on film.
|
|
Impression
|
A single image transferred by a printing device
to one side of a sheet of paper.
|
|
Indent
|
The positioning of text so that a margin of the
line or lines appears a fixed distance from the
left and/or right margin.
|
| Inheritance |
In software development this is the ability (of
a programming language) to build new abstractions
and objects out of existing ones as an extension
or specialization of another class or object.
Most object-oriented languages support class-based
inheritance, while others such JavaScript only
support object-based inheritance. In ElePub and
EleStore inheritance is also available for user
application data.
|
| Instances |
A child object inheriting from a mother
object or, in programming, from a class is called
an instance. |
|
Intranet
|
An intranet is a computer network used within
one company or organization. Intranets are private
networks, usually maintained by corporations for
internal communications, which use internet --
usually web -- protocols, software and servers.
They are relatively cheap, fast, and reliable
networking and information warehouse systems that
link offices around the world. They make it is
easy for corporate users to communicate with one
another, and to access the information resources
of the internet.
|
|
IP address
|
Internet Protocal address. Every system connected
to the Internet has a unique IP address, which
consists of a number in the format A.B.C.D where
each of the four sections is a decimal number
from 0 to 255. Most people use Domain Names instead
and the resolution between Domain Names and IP
addresses is handled by the network and the Domain
Name Servers. With virtual hosting, a single machine
can act like multiple machines (with multiple
domain names and IP addresses).
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ISDN
|
(Integrated Digital Services Network) ISDN lines
are high-speed dial-up connections to the internet.
It is a lot of commotion for a connection roughly
four times faster -- 128,000 bits per second --
than a normal phone line.
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Italic
|
Pertaining to type that is a `slanted' version
of a type face. It is used primarily for emphasis
within text. Most typesetters can produce pseudo-italic
(oblique) versions of fonts electronically by
skewing the digitised characters.
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JPEG
|
Joint Photographic Experts Group. A format for
storing high-quality color and grayscale photographs
in bitmap form; also the group that developed
the format. JPEG provides lossy compression by
segmenting the picture into small blocks which
are divided to get the desired ratio; the process
is reversed to decompress the image. JPEG uses
the JPEG File Interchange Format, or JFIF.
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Justification
|
The process of composing and adjusting line of
type by adding space between the words and characters
so that the lines are aligned on left and right
margins.
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Justification Range
|
The space at the end of a line of type within
which the computer will determine the acceptable
line breaks before actual justification.
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Kern
|
The process of subtracting space between two
characters so that they appear closer together.
This is usually done to improve the aesthetic
appearance of most words that are set in all capitals
especially in large display and headline text
lines. 2.The part of a letter which actually overhangs
the body of the letter itself, such as the curl
at the top of the lower case f in a serif face.
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Kerning
|
Reducing the spacing between certain pairs of
letters in a proportional-pitch type to improve
the appearance of the line of type. For example,
A and V look better next to each other if they
are moved closer together than, for example, A
and B.
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Kerning Pairs
|
In a computerised typesetting system, certain
pairs of characters may be defined with specific
kerning values. When type is set, kerning is automatically
done between those specified pairs.
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LAN
|
Local Area Network. This network connects computers
or workstations allowing users to access the same
information simultaneously.
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Leading
|
Pronounced ledding. The distance of the base
line of a line of type from the base line of the
line below it, measured in points.
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Legacy
|
OF or pertaining to documents, data or hardware
that existed prior to a certain time. The designation
refers particularly to a change in process or
technique that requires translating old data files
to a new system.
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Letterspacing
|
The addition of thin spaces between the letters
in order to achieve the desired appearance of
text, and increase legibility.
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Ligature
|
Two or more letters tied together into a single
letter. They are designed to improve the appearance
of certain character combinations. The standard
ligatures are: ff, fi, fl, ffi, and ffl.
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line frequency
|
The number of lines counted vertically used by
a printer to create an image.
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Line Length
|
The width of a line of type, or column, or page
(usually in picas and points) as set by typographic
commands. The actual type on the line may not
fill the entire line length. Also known as measure.
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Logo
|
An emblem, short for logotype. Can be either
a unique arrangement of letters, a symbol, or
a combination of both.
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lpi
|
Lines Per Inch. A measurement of the resolution
of a halftone screen, or of the number of lines
a printer prints on a page in each vertical inch.
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|
LZW
|
A patented lossless data compression scheme that
reduces image file size if the data can be compressed
without degradation. (common option for .TIF bitmaps)
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Mail Merge
|
A way of using a computer to print customized
form letters. Name and address information for
each letter to be printed will be inserted at
designated merge points.
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Manuscript
|
The original material from which type will be
set. May be handwritten, typewritten or on a floppy
disk.
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Margin
|
The unprinted space on either side of a block
of text. Usually refers to the space between text
and the edge of the page, as opposed to space
between columns. 2.The position of the leftmost
edge of the type image on the page.
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Mark up
|
The written specifications indicating the particulars
of typography and measurement, used as guidelines
or instructions for implementation of the work.
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MB
|
Megabyte. One million bytes (1,048,576 bytes).
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Metadata
|
Data about data. For example, the title, subject,
author, and size of a file constitute metadata
about the file.
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|
Middleware
|
Software that sits between two or more types
of software and translates information between
them. Middleware can cover a broad spectrum of
software and generally sits between an application
and an operating system, a network operating system,
or a database management system.
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|
Monospaced font
|
A font in which all characters have uniform widths.
|
| Mother
objects |
A mother object in ElePub and EleStore
is a rather generic data object (collection of data
values describing an abstract application data item
such as an article or a frame on a page). Mother
objects are not directly used, i.e. a mother article
is never offered or sold nor placed on a page but
it serves as a template for "real" articles
inheriting from this mother object. The children
automatically receive not only the template (of
features and attributes) from its mother but also
the values stored inside the mother. Any of these
values can be overwritten by the child's own values
stored inside the child object. Mother objects can
be grouped in a multi-level tree of mother, grandmothers
etc. Such as tree organization greatly eases the
maintenance of large databases and it reflects the
natural dependencies of such data items. |
|
Nested Indent
|
An indent whose indentation is measured from
the margin of the last indent, rather than the
absolute margin.
|
| object-oriented |
Being object-oriented or object
orientedness is a "notion", which can
be associated with systems and especially with
programming languages. To be object-oriented a
programming language must at least:
- Provide some form of classes and objects.
- Support inheritance, the ability to build
new abstractions and objects out of existing
ones.
- Run-time polymorphism, the ability to bind
code components dynamically at run-time (as
opposed to static or compile-time binding typically
used in most programming languages).
This last criteria is the reason why C can never
be object-oriented, and why C++ can is definetely
not a pure o-o language. C++ can only be called
object-oriented with severe limitations (one can
theoretically develop in o-o style in C++, but
hardly anybody ever does so because it is very
badly supported).
Typical o-o languages today are Java and Smalltalk,
the oldest, most mature and purest o-o language
in wide use today (not mentioning the many o-o
languages of purely academic importance). Basically,
Java is much of Smalltalk, in C++ syntax, but
with substantial limitations in the features and
especially in the development environment. |
| object
repository |
A storage for obejcts so that they
can be (re-) used by other objects. In the case
of ElePub a database containing mother objects used
as templates for creating "real" objects
on pages such as tables, frames or containers holding
frames, tables or other containers. |
|
Oblique
|
The characteristic of a type face which has been
skewed from a digitised character, thus looking
like an italic typeface. The angle of skew is
either 12° or 15°.
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|
Old Style Figures
|
A set of numerals which do not line up along
the base line of type. Also known as non-aligning
figures.
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|
On Demand
|
On Demand is a method of document creation which
streamlines production and distribution through
the use of technology. The goal is to decrease
waste because of over-ordering or out of date
content and a more useful, relevant document resulting
from the ability to keep content current and dynamic.
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|
ONLINE
|
Accessing a remote computer via a terminal.
|
|
Open Architecture
-
|
Any computer, peripheral, or application design
that has published specifications. A published
specification lets third parties develop add-on
hardware or modules for a computer or copmputer
application.
|
|
Optical Character
Recognition (OCR)
|
The process in which an electronic device examines
printed characters on paper and determines their
shapes by detecting patterns of dark and light.
Once the scanner or reader has determined the
shapes, character recognition methods-pattern
matching with stored sets of characters-are used
to translate the shapes into computer text.
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|
Orphan
|
An element of type (such as a word or a line)
which leads into a larger block of type, but which
has been left by itself at the end of a page or
column. For instance, the first line of a paragraph,
or a section head. Sometimes erroneously called
a widow.
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|
Page Makeup
|
The process of arranging type and other elements
so that they will be output in page format.
|
|
Pagination
|
The process of performing page makeup automatically
through a computer program according to page parameters
designated by the operator or by a database (where
multiple pages fit on to one Printing-Press sheet
of paper). 2.The numbering of the pages of a book.
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|
Paint-type Graphic
|
See Bit map.
|
|
Paragraph Indent
|
An indent at the beginning of the first line
of a paragraph.
|
|
Paragraph rules
|
Graphic lines associated with a paragraph that
separate blocks of text. Rules are commonly used
to separate columns and isolate graphics on a
page.
|
|
Paste-up
|
Manual or electronic placement of text, illustration
and artwork on a piece of art board or by a computerised
page layout program.
|
|
PDF
|
Portable Document Format. Developed by Adobe
Systems for `paperless publishing' with Adobe
Acrobat software. PDF compresses PostScript type
page files for fast display and printing of electronic
documents on computer systems running Acrobat
software. (Recent innovations allow the accurate
output of complex CMYK objects.)
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|
PDL
|
Page Description Language. A method of encoding
page elements (text, graphics, images) for printing.
see EPS.
|
|
PERIODICAL
|
A generic term for anything published in a regular
or irregular cycle which includes magazines, journals
and newspapers.
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